KDS關(guān)于振蕩電路的討論方法

石英振子是無(wú)源部件，無(wú)源晶振，因此會(huì)受到電源電壓、環(huán)境溫度、電路結(jié)構(gòu)、電路常數(shù)、基板的布線圖案等的影響。 大致分為正常動(dòng)作和異常動(dòng)作兩種。 因此，設(shè)計(jì)振蕩電路時(shí)，前提條件是使石英振子穩(wěn)定且可靠地振蕩。 確認(rèn)后，將討論頻率精度、頻率的可變量、調(diào)制度、振蕩開(kāi)始時(shí)間、振蕩波形等以下項(xiàng)目。

彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的優(yōu)勢(shì)，Time requirements in modern metering applications have massively increased in the last few years. The usual requirement in modern metering applications is a time offset of 1 hour after 7 years. It should also be possible for the operating temperature range of the application to comply with this value. 1 hour max. after 7 years corresponds to a frequency tolerance of ±16 ppm absolute at 32,768 kHz. It is no longer possible for conventional 32,768 kHz oscillating crystals to meet these requirements.

On the one hand, this is because 32,768 kHz are only available with a frequency tolerance of ±10ppm at +25°C, on the other hand, the temperature stability over a temperature range of -40/+85°C is more then -180 ppm. Moreover, ageing of approx. ±30 ppm after 10 years must be taken into account when calculating accuracy. In the worst case, a 32,768 kHz crystal has a maximum frequency stability of +40/-220 ppm (including adjustment at +25°C, temperature stability and ageing after 10 years). External circuit capacitance must be able to compensate any systematic frequency offset caused by the internal capacitance of the oscillator stage of the IC to be synchronised and by stray capacitance. The selection of a layout without external circuit capacitance for the 32,768 crystal involves a great risk because the accuracy of the 32,768 crystal can neither be corrected nor adjusted to suddenly changing PCB conditions during series production. Initially, the intersection angle for the 32,768 crystal was designed for optimal accuracy in wristwatches, and not for most of the applications for which it is used nowadays.

In order to meet the highly accurate time requirements, we as a clocking specialist offer the series ULPPO ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillator. This oscillator can be operated with each voltage within a VDD range of 1.5 to 3.63 VDC. The specified current consumption is 0.99 µA. The temperature stability of ULPPOs is ±5 ppm over a temperature range of -40/+85°C. Frequency stability (delivery accuracy plus temperature stability) is ±10 ppm, and ageing after 20 years is ±2 ppm. Thus the maximum overall stability of ULPPOs is ±12 ppm including the ageing after 10 years. These are industry best parameters.

No external circuit capacitance is required for the circuiting of the ultra small housing (housing area: 1.2 mm2). The input stage of the IC installed in the ULPPO independently filters the supply voltage. Compared to crystals, ULPPOs save a lot of space on the printed circuit board so that the packing density can be increased, and smaller printed circuit boards can be designed. The adjustment of the amplitude further reduces the power consumption of the ULPPO.

For space calculations, both external circuit capacitances for a crystal on the printed circuit board must also be taken into account. With its two external circuit capacitances, even the smallest 32,768 kHz crystal requires more space on the PCB than ULPPOs do.

Moreover, very small 32,768 kHz crystals have very high resistances which usually cannot be safely overcome by the oscillator stages to be synchronised because the oscillator stages of the ICs or RTCs to be synchronised have very high tolerances as well. Therefore, sudden response time problems in the field might occur which can be ruled out with ULPPOs. Thus, the safe operation of the application is possible with ULPPOs under all circumstances.

Oscillator stages consume a lot of energy to keep a 32,768 crystal oscillating. Usually, the input stage of the MCU can be directly circuited with the LVCMOS signal of the ULPPO (usually Xin). Thus the input stage of the MCU can be deactivated (bypass function) so that the energy saved can be used for the calculation of the system power consumption of the meter. Moreover, ULPPOs are able to synchronise several ICs at a time. Due to the very high accuracy of the ULPPO, less time synchronisations are required, which also saves system power.

Of course, ULPPOs can be used in any applications which require miniaturised ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators such as smartphones, tablets, GPS, fitness watches, health and wellness applications, wireless keyboards, timing systems, timing applications, wearables, IoT, home automation, etc. Due to the high degree of accuracy of 32,768 kHz oscillators, the standby time or even the hypernation time in hypernation technology applications can be significantly increased so that a high amount of system power can be saved due to the significantly lower battery-intensive synchronisation cycles. Thus the 32,768 kHz oscillator is the better choice compared to 32,768 kHz crystals. Ultra low power 32,768 kHz oscillators are available with diverse accuracy variations – see also the ULPO-RB1 and -RB2 series.

不斷精進(jìn)自我的優(yōu)質(zhì)制造商彼得曼公司，致力于開(kāi)發(fā)大量高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品，隨著近幾年來(lái)，現(xiàn)代計(jì)量應(yīng)用的時(shí)間要求大幅提高。現(xiàn)代計(jì)量應(yīng)用的通常要求是7年后時(shí)間偏移1小時(shí)。應(yīng)用的工作溫度范圍也應(yīng)符合該值。最多1小時(shí)。7年后對(duì)應(yīng)于32，768kHz下16ppm絕對(duì)值的頻率容差。傳統(tǒng)的32，768 kHz振蕩晶體不再可能滿足這些要求。彼得曼32.768K有源晶振的優(yōu)勢(shì).

一方面，這是因?yàn)?2，768kHz僅在+25°C時(shí)具有10ppm的頻率容差，另一方面，在-40/+85°C溫度范圍內(nèi)的溫度穩(wěn)定性高于-180ppm。此外，老化約。計(jì)算精度時(shí)，必須考慮10年后的30ppm。最差情況下，32.768K有源晶振的最大頻率穩(wěn)定性為+40/-220 ppm(包括+25°C時(shí)的調(diào)整、溫度穩(wěn)定性和10年后的老化)。外部電路電容必須能夠補(bǔ)償由要同步的ic振蕩器級(jí)的內(nèi)部電容和雜散電容引起的任何系統(tǒng)頻率偏移。為32，768晶振選擇無(wú)外部電路電容的布局包含很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樵谂可a(chǎn)期間，32，768晶振的精度既不能校正也不能調(diào)整以適應(yīng)突然變化的PCB條件。最初，32，768英寸晶體的交叉角度是為手表的最佳精度而設(shè)計(jì)的，而不是為如今使用它的大多數(shù)應(yīng)用而設(shè)計(jì)的。

彼得曼貼片石英晶振專用于超聲波,公司

PETERMANN-TECHNIK是象征著質(zhì)量和可持續(xù)性。這是一家有著偉大使命的知名制造商,從打磨產(chǎn)品的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)之中可體現(xiàn)，你從一個(gè)來(lái)源得到一切。從合格的設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)到我們的內(nèi)部工程，再到具有卓越一致質(zhì)量和性能的最高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品。

30多年來(lái)，我們?cè)陬l率控制元件和系統(tǒng)方面積累了豐富的專業(yè)知識(shí)。我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)不僅限于使用石英晶振和振蕩器開(kāi)發(fā)電路。它還包括深入的工程知識(shí)，這是我們咨詢服務(wù)和頻率確定元件銷售的基礎(chǔ)。你可以相信我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和專業(yè)知識(shí)。因?yàn)槲覀兊哪繕?biāo)是能夠通過(guò)及時(shí)和有能力的咨詢?yōu)槟峁┳詈玫闹С帧?/span>

代表團(tuán)

彼得曼技術(shù)公司努力為每一種產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)提供最高的質(zhì)量、安全性、靈活性和客戶滿意度。作為一個(gè)充滿活力的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境中的創(chuàng)新者，我們致力于成為客戶可靠的戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴。憑借我們廣泛的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)、不折不扣的質(zhì)量和卓越的性價(jià)比，我們支持他們開(kāi)發(fā)具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的高效應(yīng)用。

每個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)專家都知道！石英晶體不能處理超聲波焊接和清洗。高頻焊接或清洗過(guò)程會(huì)損壞石英晶體諧振器。

格耶品牌的低功耗溫補(bǔ)晶振TCXO，日益小型化的趨勢(shì)技術(shù)參數(shù)要求越來(lái)越高在TCXO領(lǐng)域引人注目。隨著5G網(wǎng)絡(luò)和汽車(chē)行業(yè)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)、移動(dòng)通信技術(shù)，醫(yī)療技術(shù)也要求高精度。TCXO已經(jīng)是2019年最暢銷的振蕩器類型市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè)非常好。然而，由于最近幾年的危機(jī)，一些領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展非常克制，重新確定了優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。年的顯著復(fù)蘇該OSC振蕩器部分得到了制造商的支持性能卓越的組件。

mg src="/uploadfiles/pictures/news/20231106144604_8749.jpg" title="圖17 " alt="圖17 " />

在下文中，我們根據(jù)最新的技術(shù)狀態(tài)總結(jié)了振蕩器的原理構(gòu)成的進(jìn)展主要與頻率穩(wěn)定性、相位噪聲和功耗有關(guān)。以下3組石英振蕩器的測(cè)量方法不同對(duì)于溫度補(bǔ)償：
XO，石英晶體振蕩器-一種沒(méi)有特殊措施的晶體振蕩器溫度補(bǔ)償。它的溫度行為與使用的晶體。

TCXO，溫度補(bǔ)償晶體振蕩器-一種溫度補(bǔ)償晶體振蕩器，其中產(chǎn)生校正電壓通過(guò)溫度相關(guān)電阻器或類似電阻器，用于頻率校正模擬TCXO可以實(shí)現(xiàn)大約20倍的改進(jìn)僅在晶體上。格耶品牌的低功耗溫補(bǔ)晶振TCXO.

OCXO，烤箱控制晶體振蕩器-一種恒溫控制晶體振蕩器，其中晶體而其他溫度敏感部件在一個(gè)選擇溫度的腔室中，使得晶體沒(méi)有更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間具有任何明顯的溫度響應(yīng)。OCXO可以實(shí)現(xiàn)超過(guò)1000倍的改進(jìn)石英。

IQD晶振公司推出了一系列采用流行的4焊盤(pán)SMD陶瓷封裝的晶體，IQXC-42，小體積晶振尺寸2.0x1.6mm晶振，四腳貼片晶振，無(wú)源晶振，石英晶體諧振器，工作溫度范圍為-40至125°C。頻率范圍為16.0MHz-50MHz，這些器件在-40至125°C溫度范圍內(nèi)的頻率穩(wěn)定性低至+-30ppm，ESR值比現(xiàn)有晶振范圍內(nèi)的值略低，以滿足新型微控制器的需求，例如物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用中的新型微控制器通常要求較低的ESR。改貼片晶振應(yīng)用于：物聯(lián)網(wǎng)(IoT和IIoT)，以太網(wǎng)，綠色和智能能源應(yīng)用(太陽(yáng)能逆變器)，汽車(chē)電子，工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)，射頻識(shí)別（Radio Frequency Identification），測(cè)試和測(cè)量系統(tǒng)，遙測(cè)系統(tǒng)，運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)，WiFi模塊。WiFi模塊專用晶振ma,="" verdana,="" helvetica;="" font-size:="" 16px;="" word-spacing:="" -1.5px;"="" style="word-spacing:-1.5px;color:#000000;font-family:simsun;font-size:16px">LFXTAL059596REEL

在康納-溫菲爾德，我們的政策是誠(chéng)實(shí)和道德地處理我們的商業(yè)事務(wù)。這一目標(biāo)要求組織中的每個(gè)人都承擔(dān)責(zé)任，在康納溫菲爾德晶振公司的所有活動(dòng)中促進(jìn)誠(chéng)信，并表現(xiàn)出最高水平的道德行為。應(yīng)避免可能對(duì)我們的聲譽(yù)或誠(chéng)信產(chǎn)生不利影響的活動(dòng)。實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的業(yè)務(wù)目標(biāo)和遵守本準(zhǔn)則的關(guān)鍵是行使良好的判斷力。這意味著遵守法律，做“正確”的事情，即使法律或內(nèi)部政策不明確，也要遵守道德。

ECS-TXO-2016-33-160-TR是無(wú)線物聯(lián)網(wǎng)(IoT)應(yīng)用的理想選擇

溫補(bǔ)晶振ECS-TXO-25CSMV-AC-260-AY-TR適用于Wi-Fi和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用

包括英特爾、ARM、三星和高通在內(nèi)的主要IC OEM公司都積極致力于將工藝幾何尺寸降低到10nm甚至7nm的FinFET架構(gòu)的開(kāi)發(fā)。

CTS晶振公司推出的425F35B025M0000無(wú)源晶振常常用于便攜設(shè)備，CTS擁有多種無(wú)源晶體(XTAL) 產(chǎn)品，可提供多種封裝類型和頻率。我們獨(dú)特的基本晶體是使用專有的蝕刻工藝開(kāi)發(fā)的，以達(dá)到更高的頻率。我們?cè)谄?chē)市場(chǎng)的悠久歷史使我們了解汽車(chē)客戶的需求并提供正確的水晶解決方案。

無(wú)論您是開(kāi)始一項(xiàng)具有關(guān)鍵規(guī)格的新設(shè)計(jì)，還是只需要現(xiàn)有應(yīng)用的可靠來(lái)源，我們都有完美的石英晶振解決方案。聯(lián)系我們的團(tuán)隊(duì)，幫助您從尺寸小至1.6×1.2mm的玻璃密封或接縫密封封裝中選擇一系列晶體。